Initial reaction The first thing I gaze my eyes upon is...

Initial reaction: The first thing I gaze my eyes upon is the black eagle which immediately strikes an eerie and scary feeling as I realize it is grabbing and/or attacking this human. It is clear that this is some kind of kidnap and the human has a look of distress. My initial instinct is that this human was taking a walk in the woods with his dog when the eagle appeared. There is a skillful use of light and shadow which combined with the colors makes the painting seem realistic. There is a nice use of complementary colors that are luminous within the painting, which ranges from the ochre yellows, mauve reds, blush pinks, and burnt oranges to the ocean blues, and emerald greens. Even though they are luminous colors there is also a cool,†¦show more content†¦In this painting, the figure is placed in a three-dimensional, believable space, and is shown with his backside visible at a three-quarter angle which leads the eye to the tree stub then to the dog. This creates an illusionistic depth because of the foreshortening of the figures, the soft light source, and the carefully rendered chiaroscuro all in a inimitable way. I started with trying to figure out why there was an eagle since that was the center significance of the painting. In my research of the eagle I found that in the renaissance art an eagle was represented as a part of greek mythology. From there I found that in greek mythology an eagle served as Zeus’ personal messenger and companion. This eagle was once a mortal king named Periphas that was honoured like a god because of his virtuous rule as a human. It was told that Zeus was angry and tried to kill him with a thunderbolt but Apollo, Zeus’ son, intervened and transformed Periphas into an eagle then set him next to the throne. But in other accounts, Zeus adopted the eagle during the Titan War and was later sent by Zeus to carry the handsome youth to heaven. Bingo! So now that I know who the eagle is, why was he trying to capture the human? Research found Zeus (Jupiter) had fallen in love with a beautiful mortal, when he saw him in the mountains herding is livestock he sent his eagle to capture the human to make him a cupbearer and lover (Graves, 29).Show MoreRelated Paper761 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and London were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. In England John Dickenson produced the cylinder machine that was operational by 1809. Although useful for smaller enterprises, this lacked the large scale potential of the machine resulting from the invention of Nicholas-Louis Robert in Paris, which had a more complicated incubation period. The last of the early improvements to this machine were financed by the Fourdrinier brothersRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. Before my papers were full of â€Å"she said† and â€Å"she would say†; which was boring and showed poor ability to lengthen my word choice . I also had a tendency to just throw quotes in and not integrate it into my writings. By the end of my English 101 class my papers began to present with words like â€Å"the author noted†, or â€Å"she stated† along with many other word choices and proper ways of using quotes. Here is an example from my final research paper: â€Å"Author Stephanie Jackson, a certifiedRead MoreOn Behalf of Paper1685 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries, people have read and learned on paper. It has loyally served man as the ideal vehicle for conveying our thoughts, feelings, and ideas. In recent years, an opponent has risen: computers. The computer brought the world to our fingertips, to the palm of our hands, but is this competitor superior? Should we drop the written and printed empire that had dominated and quenched our thirst for knowledge for so long? Paper has served an ever-changing world well, constantly adapting and morphingRead MoreReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my hands, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead More History of Paper1180 Words   |  5 Pages The first historical mention of paper is 104 A.D. in China. The Empress of China at that time loved books and wanted to have a lot of them made. At the time everything was written on silk scrolls which were extremely expensive and time consuming to make. She wanted something cheaper and easier to use and so she asked one of her servants, a gentleman by the name of Tsi Lun to come up with an alternative. He worked for over nine years experimenting with different things and finally came up with hempRead MoreImportance Of Writing Paper870 Words   |  4 Pages Writing papers have not always been my favorite thing to do. The main reason why I detested writing papers, was because I considered my English horrible. English is not my native language and learning it was difficult i n my opinion. Especially, when as a child the only place where you could speak English was at school. Other than that, the only language I was allowed to speak at home was Spanish. Throughout the years I eventually got the hang of it, and at the beginning of fourth grade, I was placedRead MoreCharacteristics And Quality Of A Paper1062 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing the right paper is more complex and it requires more work than just picking any expensive sheet and keeping your fingers crossed. To choose the right paper, you should not choose one based on the highest quality available, or the most expensive one. Instead, you should choose your paper based on the paper size options, durability, finishing, color, the paper weight, price, availability, opacity, and brightness. To choose between the function and quality of a paper is not very easy. It isRead MoreSelf-Reflective Paper 838 Words   |  3 Pagesfixed. Although it was a process, I finally got around to clearly understanding what the objectives were for English 1302 and how to apply them to my papers for this course. The first objective that is given in the syllabus is to meet the requirement of 20 pages total by the end of the course. The objective includes being able to revise and edit papers in a proper fashion. There was a time where revising and editing did not seem important, however, it can make a significant difference in a grade.Read MoreRecycling Waste Paper11594 Words   |  47 PagesPaper recycling  is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1]  Mill broke  is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a  paper mill.  Pre-consumer waste  is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use.  Post-consumer  wasteRead MoreCarabao Grass Paper17210 Words   |  69 PagesINTRODUCTION History Paper is believed to have originated in China sometime around A.D. 105. Its invention is credited to a Chinese artisan by the name of Tsai-Lun. Tsai Lun created the first type of paper by mixing macerated cellulose fiber with water. His method was simple. He beat rags to a pulp and diluted this with lots of water. He then drained the resultant mixture through a form of a sieve. The fibers matted together and, when it dried, formed what we know now as paper. This papermaking process

The Story Of An Hour And A Rose For Emily Literary Analysis

Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour and William Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily tells the story of women who face isolation and struggle with their own terms of freedom upon the death of a male figure in their life. Louise and Emily come from different time periods, backgrounds, and have different experiences, yet both share commonality in that they have let themselves be affected by the unrealistic expectations placed on them as traditional ladies. Both of these characters are commonly misconstrued as unsympathetic, neurotic women. In discovering the dismal outcomes held for these women, it is evident within both of these stories that the destructive nature of self-repression is embodied in the primary characters. In A Rose for Emily, it†¦show more content†¦Dilworth states the narrator is almost an accomplice to the crime that Emily commits. The towns strife to keep Emily an idealized representative of southern women, and thus ignores the many obvious signs of murder. This is shown through the purchase of arsenic, that is acquired without the required explanation, and the investigator who knows the stench is not from Emily herself, but vehemently denies this truth to uphold the image of her as a lady. It is through the dismissal of these actions as simply coming from a hysterical woman, that Emily is allowed to delve deeper into her destructive nature. Louises identity is defined by her epiphany, while Emily, who never breaks free from her restrictions, continues to be confined to the identity placed upon her from the community. Louise’s name is not discovered until after her discovery of freedom, up to this point she had been only referred to as her married name. This is significant because it shows how both authors show how deeply these women rooted their identities in their repression during these times. They are both confined to the image of their own household. Emily’s house is symbolic, the town people can only see her from outside her house, which is representative of her family’s legacy which she, herself is only perceived by as well. â€Å"Only Miss Emily’s house was left,Show MoreRelatedEssay A Rose for Emily: Literary Analysis 2990 Words   |  4 PagesENG 102 Analysis Research Paper 09-25-10 Literary Analysis William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† carries a theme represented by a dying breed of that era, while using symbolism to represent tragedy, loneliness and some form of pride, the story also shows how far one will go to have the approval of others and the pursuit of happiness. In today’s times, a person’s image could mean everything in life and almost everyone tries to fit into the main stream in some form at some pointRead Moreuna‚Äà ²ÃƒÅ Ãƒ ²ÃƒËœ1561 Words   |  7 Pages May 19th, Victoria Day (College Closed) How to write strong essays Suzuki, â€Å"Ancestors – The Genetic Source† 4 May 26th – May 30th Reading Fiction vs. Non-Fiction Frye, â€Å"Don’t You Think It’s Time to Start Thinking† Chopin, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† Essay #1 5 June 02nd – June 06th Responding to Text: Techniques for Writing about Reading tba Research Assigned 6 June 09th – June 13th Research and Documentation; Summarizing and Paraphrasing; Quotes and Support; Primary and SecondaryRead MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesï » ¿TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS The purpose of Text Interpretation and Analysis is a literary and linguistic commentary in which the reader explains what the text reveals under close examination. Any literary work is unique. It is created by the author in accordance with his vision and is permeated with his idea of the world. The reader’s interpretation is also highly individual and depends to a great extent on his knowledge and personal experience. That’s why one cannot lay down a fixed â€Å"model†Read MoreThe Hours - Film Analysis12007 Words   |  49 PagesThe Suicide of the Author and his Reincarnation in the Reader: Intertextuality in The Hours by Michael Cunningham Andrea Wild In his novel The Hours, Michael Cunningham weaves a dazzling fabric of intertextual references to Virginia Woolfs works as well as to her biography. In this essay, I shall partly yield to the academic itch to tease out the manifold and sophisticated allusions to the numerous intertexts. My aim, however, is not to point out every single reference to Woolf and her works--suchRead MoreThe Jade Pendant5982 Words   |  24 Pagesparticular, this is most true of the Singapore Short story which was by comparison to other forms of literary expression most prolific during the early years of Singapore s history. This study first provides a brief historical overview of the Singapore Short story written in English after which it examines the development of the genre through its first decade dating from 1978 and subsequently, the next ten years to the present. The Short Story in Singapore Singapore is a cosmopolitan Asian cityRead MoreStylistic Analysis10009 Words   |  41 PagesThe theme of the course paper is concerned with the stylistic analysis of five poems by different authors (D.H. Lawrence, H.W. Longfellow, R. Burns, Ch. Kingsley, B. Googe). The issue of stylistics and stylistic analysis has been extensively studied in recent years and the problem of stylistics has been a subject of special interest. Various scientific paradigms, trends and methods of stylistics and literary studies have been developed and explored in the works by suchRead MoreThe Censorship of Art Essay example14698 Words   |  59 PagesKasso, the teenager in Long Island who stabbed his friend to death and took out his eyes, after which he hung himself, followed Black Sabbath and Judas Priest (p.130). After some shorter additional testimonies, the Committee was adjourned after five hours of debate. 3. After the Hearings: Quiet Before the Storm Following the Hearing, on November 1 of 1985, the PMRC, and its ally the National Parents and Teachers Association, reached an agreement with the RIAA on the voluntary record label (JointRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. 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The tremendous growth experienced Free Essays

In Nigerian tertiary Institutions In the last two decade without a corresponding increase In bed space had resulted In acute shortage of rooms in the hostel thereby overstretching the capacity of the existing structures they were originally meant for. Hostel accommodation Is one of the essential factors in every learning environment. In Nigeria most Institution of higher learning are owned by the government as such accommodation cannot be adequately provided to cater for the highly populated Institutions, Inadequacy and Insufficient hostel accommodation has led to overcrowding In rooms and some students living outside campus which In turn affect their learning. We will write a custom essay sample on The tremendous growth experienced or any similar topic only for you Order Now Built-operate- Transfer (BOOT) emerged as one of the tool In helping to address the situation which becomes a burden to government. BOOT is a type of project delivery that involves different parties whom each contribute in order to see the success of the project. It is a private agreement to build and operate in a public infrastructure project. The consortia then secure their own finance to sponsor the project. The consortium then own, maintains and manage the facility for an agreed concessionary period and recover their investment through charges or toll free. After the concessionary period, the consortia transfer the ownership and operation of the project to the government or relevant authority. This study takes Federal College of education (Technical) Biochip as a case study. Government Ministries, such as Federal Ministry of Education who govern the affairs of the school were consulted. Questionnaire and verbal interview were employed in data collection. After the analysis it was found that construction of hostels under BOOT is yielding a positive impact. The findings should serve as a good baseline for the government in solving the accommodation problem and overcrowding in the higher institution of learning in Nigeria. Therefore there is need for the government to give more support to Public Private Partnership sector so that accommodation problem will be solved. By Amnion The tremendous growth experienced in Nigerian tertiary institutions in the last two aced without a corresponding increase in bed space had resulted in acute structures they were originally meant for. Hostel accommodation is one of the essential factors in every learning environment. In Nigeria most institution of higher adequately provided to cater for the highly populated institutions, inadequacy and insufficient hostel accommodation has led to overcrowding in rooms and some students living outside campus which in turn affect their learning. Built-operate- Transfer (BOOT) emerged as one of the tool in helping to address the situation which How to cite The tremendous growth experienced, Papers

Implementation of Activity-Based Costing in Malaysia free essay sample

The current issue and full text archive of this Journal is available at www. emeraldinsight. com/1321-7348. htm Implementation of activity based costing in Malaysia Activity based costing in Malaysia A case study of two companies Jamaliah Abdul Majid 39 Faculty of Accountancy, Universiti Utara Malaysia, Sintok, Malaysia, and Maliah Sulaiman Kullyyah of Economics and Management Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract Purpose The study aims to document and highlight the problems and benefits of implementing activity-based costing (ABC) in two companies in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A case study methodology was used to describe the process of ABC implementation in a Malaysian based multinational company as well as a Malaysian multinational company. Findings Although ABC is not widely adopted by companies in Malaysia, it is recognized as a valuable tool to improve the performance of these two companies. Additionally, many of the problems that hinder the implementation of ABC are related to managerial factors rather than the technical aspects of the tool itself. We will write a custom essay sample on Implementation of Activity-Based Costing in Malaysia or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Several factors are pertinent to ensure the success of ABC: top management support, simplifying the ABC implementation process, sourcing suitable ABC software, and finally, ensuring that all affected employees understand and actively support the implementation process. Originality/value The findings have significant implications for companies that want to embark on ABC. The problems highlighted may help companies planning to adopt ABC in the near future to better address these issues. Keywords Activity based costs, Malaysia, Case studies, Multinational companies Paper type Research paper 1. Introduction The issue of more accurate overhead allocation is pertinent, particularly in the competitive and global economy of today. Often when pricing relies on flawed cost data, problems will be perpetuated. The traditional accounting approach, where cost allocation is based on labour hours or machine hours, rarely reflects the true cause and effect relationship between indirect costs and individual products. Activity-based osting (ABC) has been lauded, among others reasons, as a tool to help allocate overheads with a greater degree of accuracy.

“Popular Mechanics” by Raymond Carver Essay Sample free essay sample

In the short narrative. â€Å"Popular Mechanics† . Raymond Carver blends a assortment of literary elements which amplify the tone. The tone is both endangering and somber. exchanging back and Forth until eventually blending together in the concluding paragraphs. Syntax plays possibly the most important function in the flow of the narrative. The sentence structure is peculiarly interesting because the conversation between the two chief characters has perfectly no citation Markss. The deficiency of the citation marks instigates a faster gait in which the audience reads the duologue. The sentence structure generates the shift tones by making a heated-versus-calm struggle throughout the narrative. The reader can state the adult female is angry from the repetitive usage of exclaiming points. whereas the adult male in the narrative appears unagitated because he merely uses periods. The reader can do several premises about the relationship between the two characters through sentence structure every bit good. The adult female is evidently angry at the adult male and the fact that he is the one wadding makes it easy assumed that he wronged her. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Popular Mechanics† by Raymond Carver Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The adult male is besides really demanding in the relationship. which is exemplified when he states. â€Å"I want the babe. † He besides is much less compassionate towards the babe as he is non concerned with the fact that he is wounding the kid while seeking to take it from the female parent. His full character seems endangering despite him talking calmly. The unison of a threatening-calm tone is shown in the concluding sentence. On a topic which brings great concern. the storyteller merely and calmly provinces. â€Å"in this mode. the issue was decided. † It is dry how creepy composure can go through sentence structure.

Free Essays on Critical Analysis Of Ethan Frome

Loveless Winters: A Book Review of Ethan Frome â€Å"Guess he’s been in Starkfield too many winters. Most of the smart one’s get away† (2). Winters are tragic for the people who live in Starkfield, Massachusetts. In Edith Wharton’s novel Ethan Frome, winter is personified as an evil that traps citizens into the dark and gloomy wintry Starkfield. Life is non-existent in Starkfield when winter arrives. Life is particularly non-existent for the poor man named Ethan Frome whose life seems to be a long winter season. Edith Wharton begins this tragic tale of heartbreak and loneliness by introducing a â€Å"bleak and unapproachable† (1) Frome. An inquisitive guest, a man who remains nameless throughout the novel, is captivated by the look of loneliness and regret that dwells in the eyes and demeanor of Ethan. The guest learns of Ethan’s troublesome past through a flashback of events that take place in the dead of winter. â€Å"Sickness and trouble: that’s what Ethan’s had his plate full up with, ever since the very first helping† (5). The guest learns of how Ethan’s father becomes injured working on the farm. He consequently dies leaving Ethan and his sickly mother penniless. Meanwhile, a cousin of Ethan’s named Zenobia (Zeena) comes to the farm to assist Ethan with taking care of his dying mother. Soon after the death of Ethan’s mother, Ethan feels that he is obligated to Zeena, so he regrettably marries her. Zeena ultimately â€Å"fell silent† (30) and only talked to â€Å"complain of things not in his (Ethan) power to remedy† (30). They live together for several years in a relationship that is arctic, unfriendly, and quiet just like the winters that plague the town. Because she had taken care of Ethan’s mother, Zeena becomes or thinks that she is ill within a year of being married to Ethan. Ethan and the town people believe that Zeena fabricates her sicknesses: â€Å"Zeena had always been what Starkfield called ï ¿ ½... Free Essays on Critical Analysis Of Ethan Frome Free Essays on Critical Analysis Of Ethan Frome Loveless Winters: A Book Review of Ethan Frome â€Å"Guess he’s been in Starkfield too many winters. Most of the smart one’s get away† (2). Winters are tragic for the people who live in Starkfield, Massachusetts. In Edith Wharton’s novel Ethan Frome, winter is personified as an evil that traps citizens into the dark and gloomy wintry Starkfield. Life is non-existent in Starkfield when winter arrives. Life is particularly non-existent for the poor man named Ethan Frome whose life seems to be a long winter season. Edith Wharton begins this tragic tale of heartbreak and loneliness by introducing a â€Å"bleak and unapproachable† (1) Frome. An inquisitive guest, a man who remains nameless throughout the novel, is captivated by the look of loneliness and regret that dwells in the eyes and demeanor of Ethan. The guest learns of Ethan’s troublesome past through a flashback of events that take place in the dead of winter. â€Å"Sickness and trouble: that’s what Ethan’s had his plate full up with, ever since the very first helping† (5). The guest learns of how Ethan’s father becomes injured working on the farm. He consequently dies leaving Ethan and his sickly mother penniless. Meanwhile, a cousin of Ethan’s named Zenobia (Zeena) comes to the farm to assist Ethan with taking care of his dying mother. Soon after the death of Ethan’s mother, Ethan feels that he is obligated to Zeena, so he regrettably marries her. Zeena ultimately â€Å"fell silent† (30) and only talked to â€Å"complain of things not in his (Ethan) power to remedy† (30). They live together for several years in a relationship that is arctic, unfriendly, and quiet just like the winters that plague the town. Because she had taken care of Ethan’s mother, Zeena becomes or thinks that she is ill within a year of being married to Ethan. Ethan and the town people believe that Zeena fabricates her sicknesses: â€Å"Zeena had always been what Starkfield called ï ¿ ½...

Rural Urban Migration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rural Urban Migration - Essay Example Misra (1998) observes that those who migrate are often male who are young and better educated. Pull factors on the other hand, attract the population to big cities or destination area. Developed and developing countries are impacted differently by the migration pattern though some aspects are similar. The paper will discuss the push and pull factors as well as the impact of migration on areas of origin and destination DCs and LDCs. Push Factors These are unfavorable conditions in rural areas that push people to migrate to urban areas. According to Watson (2004), people move to urban areas so as to improve their lives. Many rural people depend on agriculture for survival. However, the agricultural sector is faced with many challenges such as drought, famine and floods leading to poor harvest. There are also inadequate agricultural jobs thereby pushing people to look for jobs elsewhere. Structural adjustment programs result in heavy debts for developing countries thus encouraging gover nments to displace people and offer the farms to large enterprises for production and resource extraction thereby pushing local people to move (Datta, 2003). Lack of basic social amenities and recreation facilities pushes people to big cities where such amenities are available. These include; poor education, lack of quality health care, transport and communication. Higher education is often found in big cities. People move there to have better education and enjoy better living standards (Twumasi, 1995). Lack of clean water supply, poor sanitation and drainage systems push people to get better services available in cities. Inadequate income pushes people to big cities. Varieties of occupations are found in urban areas; rural areas depend mainly in agriculture which doesn’t offer adequate income. Rural people also do not possess necessary skill to perform a job and formal employment is limited. Income is thus inadequate to feed the large families they have. Persuasion by contra ctors and agents also enhances the migration. They move with them to cities in promise of better benefits and to search for a livelihood (Misra, 19998). Pull Factors These represent the attractive attributes of big cities that pull people. The wage gap between rural and urban areas whereas wages are higher in urban areas pull migrants to the city. They have high expectations of getting a well paying job. Formal and informal jobs are also available hence they work in informal settings while awaiting formal job. Besides industries are concentrated in urban areas hence attracting the rural population (Srichar et al. 2010). Availabilities of public services and social amenities in big cities attract mass population. In big cities, there is access to education and high quality health care. There are also recreational facilities that make life in the city exciting (Birmingham, 2000). Those who travel to cities and come back to rural areas for holiday or to visit their families show signs of wealth or extravagance which makes the rural people to follow their example. They form a network whereby the extended family follows the migrant to the city to enjoy city life and its benefits. Effects of Rural-Urban Migration The movement of people from rural to urban areas of both developed (DCs) and developing countries (LDCs) has adverse effects.  

Criminal Law 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Law 2 - Essay Example A battery is when a person intentionally and recklessly applies unlawful force to another2. Section 39 assaults are dealt with as a summary offence and carry a maximum of six months imprisonment. This can include a fine of up to  £5,000 or the sentence can be replaced by a fine on its own. On some occasions a common assault can be counted as an indictment if the requirements laid down by section 40 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 are met. If the courts are satisfied that the assault fits the criteria for a battery then the correct charge would be assault by beating3. The difference between a section 39 assault and a section 474 assault is in the degree of injury that results from the attack. In terms of sentencing the courts can issue higher sentences for a section 47 assault. The Code for Crown Prosecutors is aware that there will be factors that will influence the decision whether to charge at the highest level or whether a lesser charge is more appropriate. In general terms grazes, scratches, abrasions and minor bruising as well as swellings, reddening of the skin, superficial cuts and a black eye will fall under the remit of a section 39 assault. When the prosecutors are deciding on the charge they will consider the degree of injury first. There are also a few cases where the degree of injury would usually amount to a common assault but because there are aggravating features to the attack the more serious charge may be appropriate. Aggravating features can include the use of a weapon, biting, gouging or kicking of a victim whilst on the grou nd, or strangulation which is for more than a fleeting moment and which caused rea; fear to the victim. Other aggravating features can include the vulnerability of the victim such as the age of the victim or any disability the victim might have. The Domestic Violence, Crime and Disorder Act 2004 s11 makes common assault an alternative to more serious offences of assault even if the count has not been

Directional Driller Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Directional Driller - Research Paper Example A directional driller performs a series of tasks that relatively depend on the employer’s objectives. One of the main responsibilities of a directional driller is giving technical assistance to clients and workgroup members at the extraction site (Gow and Gow 201). The directional driller also stays current of all directional drilling methodologies and surveying techniques. A directional driller also builds professionalism on cutting-edge proper planning methods (Horizontal Directional Drilling Design Guideline Task Committee 3). A directional driller also arranges for and offers end-of-site releases and clients’ conclusive product provision releases (Gow and Gow 201). A directional driller is in charge of overseeing inventory and provisions while remaining in contact with client site agents, gear crew, and field assistance workers. The directional driller further makes sure all reporting qualifications are reached by acting on service value events and making sure event reports are wrapped up with clients. Lastly, experienced directional drillers teach, train, and guide recruit and new directional drillers (Gow and Gow 201). The requirements for getting a directional drilling job are based on academic achievements, experience, familiarity, and communication skills. First, the applicant has to have a minimum of a two to three-year secondary program degree from a tutoring and training college. Engineering or applied science degrees in bachelor and master’s levels are more acceptable. The applicant also has to have at least five years of oil-extraction experience in directional drilling (Horizontal Directional Drilling Design Guideline Task Committee 2). The applicant has to have comprehensive knowledge in advanced drilling and charting technologies and activities. Lastly, the applicant has to be able to communicate proficiently with superiors, peers, and clients in verbal and textual

A Comparison of Different Anti-Aging Strategies

A Comparison of Different Anti-Aging Strategies As a mild exfoliating procedure, microdermabrasion (MDA) every 1 to 3 months depending on the skin type would be a good preventive anti- aging strategy. A combination of MDA with chemical peels is helpful in photoaging. MDA is always done first followed by the peel. Several studies support the efficacy of this regime for photoageing. Superficial glycolic acid peels and 5% retinoic acid have been used. MDA can also be used as a transdermal drug delivery for various topical antioxidants Amongst lasers, visible/ infrared lasers and fractional lasers have been used for facial rejuvenation. Light systems including intense pulse light systems (IPL), light emitting diodes (LED), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and infrared lights have been used for correcting colour and textural alterations. Radiofrequency ( RF), ultrasound and plasma resurfacing technologies are non-laser systems useful in tissue tightening. Various devices have been developed which combine different technologies- the combination of electrical and optical energy techniques is termed as electrical and optical synergy (ELOS). All these technologies for non- ablative facial rejuvenation have been discussed in depth in chapter 43. Microneedling with dermaroller or in combination with RF technology has shown good results for skin rejuvenation. [55,56] Hyaluronic acid, vitamins and idebenone have been used as mesosolutions for preventive and therapeutic anti-aging benefits.[ 57] These therapies are frequently used in combination therapies. Botulinum toxin is chiefly indicated for dynamic lines correction (by relaxing the facial muscles) whereas fillers is indicated for the correction of volume loss which occurs with aging. For the upper 1/3rd face, botulinum toxin is the mainstay with hyaluronic acid as a supplement. Fillers are the mainstay for mid face, whereas a combination of toxin and fillers are needed for the lower 1/3rd face. [58] Autologous fat transfer, dermal fibroblasts and platelet rich plasma is now being used for volume enhancement in patients who do not desire artificial fillers. Thread lifts with polydioxanone (PDO) threads are being commonly used for lifting up of facial sagging and is chiefly used for structural changes due to aging. It is frequently used in combination with other techniques. Combination therapy is the mainstay in management of aging face. Relax, Refill and Resurface are the three main Rs for facial rejuvenation. Combination therapy of fillers and botulinum toxin is superior and frequently used in facial rejuvenation for relaxing and refilling. This combination provides a three dimensional approach to correction of aging face. Use of chemical peels and lasers, lights and radiofrequency technologies help in effective resurfacing. A systematic approach should be adopted based on the patient needs. An algorithmic and practical approach to management of the aging face in different decades of life based on author’s experience has been outlined below. [Illustration 50.6, 50.7 and 50.8] Clinical case scenarios of aging face and the management in different age groups has been provided. [Figures 50.5 to 50.9] 25 to 35 years: Illustration 50.6 a and b / figure 50.5 Clinical scenario: Management in a 35 year old female [concerns about periorbital folds and perioral lines] Figure 50.5 Products: Sunscreens, moisturizers Procedures: Treatment of tear troughs, marionette and faint nasolabial folds with injectable HA [restylane]. Thread lifts across the angles of the mouth. 35 to 50 years – Illustration 50.7 a and b/ Figure 50.6 a and b Clinical scenario: Management In 42 year old female homemaker with PIH to acne/ textural changes Products: Sunscreens, appropriate face washes, topical adapalene, non HQ skin lightening agent twice daily along with azithromycin pulse doses Procedures: Electrocautery of DPNs, Chemical peels with glycolic, salicylic and yellow peel at 2 weekly intervals, counseled for laser rejuvenation It is important to check for volume loss begins in this decade, however different parts of the face can age at varying rates. Mid facial sag is more evident with prominent nasolabial folds in this 40 year old lady. (Figure 50.7 a) Associated diseases such as diabetes mellitus or hypothyroidism should also be looked into, since it can hasten the aging process; as seen in this obese lady with hypothyroidism. (Figure 50.7 b) 50 years onwards- Illustration 50.8 a and b ( figure 50.8 and 50.9 a and b) Clinical scenario: Management in a 60 year old male executive (Figure 50. 8) Products: Sunscreens, moisturizers, Skin lightening agents – initially the Kligman’s triple combination cream containing (HQ 2%, tretinoin 0.05 and fluocinolone) on alternate night for 2 months followed by non HQ skin lightening agents. Procedures: Chemical peels with glycolic 35 to 50%, salicylic and mandelic peels. 3 HA syringes for his tear troughs, nasolabial, marionette lines and chin fold. 6 monopolar radio frequency sittings. Clinical scenario :Management in 50 year old menopausal home maker ( Figure 50.9) Products: Sunscreens, moisturizer, Skin lightening cream with arbutin, niacinaminde, kojic and flavonoids Procedures: Electrocautery of DPNs, MDA 2 sessions, followed by chemical peels – glycolic 35 to 50%, alternately in combination with lactic, salicylic, pyruvic and tretinoin There has been tremendous advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of aging. Knowledge about newer theories of aging and development of newer bioengineering techniques has led to a validated approach towards objective evaluation of various newer anti- aging products and procedures. Use of optical 3D skin imaging systems along with use of appropriate instrumental software has led to a standardized approach. [ 1] Products: Based on the newer aging theories, innovative anti- aging cosmeceuticals such as Sirtuin activating and anti- glycation products are being developed.[59] Novel topical drug delivery systems for anti- aging products; for example; pectin micro and nano capsules of retinyl palmitate and nano lipoidal forms of isotretinoin are being developed. [60,61]. Systemic and topical anti-oxidants are complexed with chitin nanocrystals and these have a positive influence on aging skin. [62]The interest and clinical research into the newer generation cosmeceuticals such as peptides, growth factors, cytokines and stem cells is continually increasing and controlled studies on the relevance of these emerging products are being performed. [47] Use of phytohormones and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for skin aging is still in the nascent phase. [63,64] Procedures: Various devices including microneedles, microdermabrasion, electroporation, ultrasound and radiofrequency are now being used as transdermal delivery systems for the anti- aging actives. Amongst the novel use of injectables in anti- aging, mesobotox has been used for facial rejuvenation, and PRP, dermal fibroblasts, adipose tissue derived stem cells and autologous venous transplants have been used for soft tissue augmentation. [65,66] Amongst the technology based devices, non-ablative fractional lasers and radiofrequency is being increasingly used for rejuvenation of the aging skin. Newer wavelengths are being developed; for example infrared laser at 1565nm and a new fractional 1940 nm laser consisting of thulium rod pumped by pulsed alexandrite laser.[67,68] The shift towards combination of technologies and home based devices is seen amongst the various technology based equipment for anti- aging. RF devices are being developed in combination with other technologies or dev ices such as microneedling, ultrasound, cryolipolysis, LEDs and lasers. Home based non ablative diode and radiofrequency devices are being investigated for their role in photorejuvenation. [ 69] To conclude, the process of aging begins early in life. Both the patient and the dermatologist need to accept the factors which cannot be treated, identify the factors which can be treated and adopt evidence based preventive and corrective modalities for management of the aging face. It is the duty and responsibility of a dermatologist to provide appropriate anti-aging measures based on the patients’ needs and at different decades of life. Skin aging is a continuous process and begins early in life. Cutaneous aging can be classified as intrinsic and extrinsic types; both of which have classical clinical and histological manifestations. Understanding the pathomechanisms and newer concepts of skin aging has helped in designing optimal anti-aging strategies. A detailed history taking, clinical examination and needs assessment helps to formulate an appropriate treatment schedule. During evaluation of an aging face, changes in the three major characteristics-colour, textural and shape should be assessed. An objective evaluation can be done by standardized documentation and use of various grading/ rating systems. The preventive aspects include avoiding exogenous factors such as smoking, stress and UV radiation along with adoption of correct lifestyle habits in the form of regular exercise and a balanced diet. The corrective aspects include use of appropriate anti- aging products and procedures based on the age and needs of t he patients. Anti- aging products include antioxidants, cell regulators (retinods, alpha hydroxyl acids, peptides, growth factors, cytokines, stem cells) and hormone replacement therapy. The procedural modalities of treatment include basic procedures (electrocautery, microdermabrasion and chemical peels), use of technology based devices (lasers, lights, radiofrequency) and injectables (botulinum toxin, fillers, fat transfer, PRP, microneedling and mesotherapy). Combination of procedural therapies is most effective. Management of an aging skin should be done on a long-term basis and should be tailor made based on the needs assessment of an individual.

Mass Extinction Essay -- K-T Extinction

ABSTRACT Several mass extinctions have occurred during the Earth’s history. The Cretaceous – Tertiary Boundary (K-T) Extinction caused the loss of at least three-quarters of all species known at that time including the dinosaurs. The cause of this mass extinction is a controversial subject among scientists but the fossil evidence of it’s occurrence is abundant. INTRODUCTION The K-T Extinction occurred 65 million years ago. Many species perished in that extinction. Today evidence for this extinction can be seen in the fossil record. Biological, botanical and geological evidence at the Cretaceous – Tertiary Boundary show that some enormous event occurred that caused mass extinction of life on the Earth. Controversy about the cause of the K-T extinction exists with two main theories currently being in favour. One theory is called Intrinsic Gradualism and believes the cause of the K-T Extinction was a slow and gradual Earth generated event, caused by intense volcanic activity and the effect of plate tectonics. The second theory is known as Extrinsic Catastrophism and proposes that the K-T Extinction was caused by a sudden and violent catastrophic event such as the Earth being struck by a meteor or asteroid. The K-T Extinction supports the concept of Punctuated Equilibrium in evolution because surviving species evolved and others were exterminated. Th is creates the stepladder effect of evolution seen in the fossil record . THE K-T EXTINCTION The Cretaceous period occurred between 144 and 65 million years ago. The K-T Extinction is an event that happened at the end of this period 65 million years ago. By the beginning of the Tertiary period eighty-five percent of all species disappeared, making it the second largest mass extinction event in geological history (â€Å"The End-Cretaceous (K-T) Extinction†, accessed 2000). Among the species that perished were the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, belemnoids, many species of plants, except ferns and seed-producing plants, ammonoids, marine reptiles and rudist bivalves. Severely affected organisms included planktic foraminifera, calcareous nannnoplankton, diatoms, dinoflagellates, brachiopods, mollusca, echinoids and fish. Mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, lizards, snakes and amphibians fared much better and were mostly unaffected by the End-Cretaceous mass extinction (â€Å"The End-cretaceous (K-T) Extinction†, accessed 2000... ...pdated 1995, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Dino Buzz – What killed The Dinosaurs ? – Current Arguments, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/extinctheory.html Lowood, H. 1998 (updated 7 Sept 1999, accessed 30 June 2000), Stanford Presidential Lectures and Symposia in the Humanities and Arts, Stephen Jay Gould, http: //prelectur.stanford.edu/lecturers/gould/index.html Smith, P.L. 1997a (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Biological Evidence, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/biol.htm Smith, P.L. 1997b (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), The Marine Realm, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/marine/marine.htm Smith, P.L. 1997c (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), The Terrestrial Realm, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/biol/terres/terres.htm Smith, P.L. 1997d (updated 1997, accessed 3 Sept. 2000), Geological Evidence, http://www.science.ubc.ca/~geol313/lecture/kt/geol/geol.htm â€Å"Speculated Causes of the End-Cretaceous Extinction† (accessed 3 Sept. 2000), http://www.wf.carleton.ca/Museum/cretcause.htm â€Å"The End-Cretaceous (K-T) Extinction† (accessed 3 Sept. 2000), http://www.wf.carleton.ca/Museum/cretmass.htm

The Effect of Transformation of pGLO in Bacteria

Genetic transformation is a process that primarily is inserting new DNA into an organism to change that organism’s trait. This process has many useful benefits when used correctly in different organisms. In this lab, bacteria was transformed by inserting DNA for Green Fluorescent Proteins. The DNA for these proteins were taken from bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria. One of the main lessons of the lab is learning of the use of ‘plasmids’. Plasmids are small pieces of DNA that usually code for one trait and are easily transferable between bacteria.This transfer of plasmids between bacteria is actually extremely helpful for them and are key in their survival. The plasmid that codes for the Green Fluorescent Proteins is accompanied with a gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. To ‘switch on’ the gene for fluorescence caused by the proteins, sugar arabinose must be added to the bacteria’s environment. If there is no sugar arabino se introduced to the plates, then the bacteria will appear white and will not glow, even if the gene for the proteins is successfully inserted.If the gene was successfully inserted and there is sugar arabinose present then the bacteria will glow a fluorescent green. The objectives for this lab is was to see the effects on bacteria in four different cases. The first case is the effect on bacteria when the gene for pGLO is introduced with LB (a ‘broth’ like substance that bacteria feed off of) and ampacillin. The second case is the effect on bacteria when the gene for pGLO is introduced with LB, ampacillin, and sugar arabinose.The third case is the effect on bacteria when no gene for pGLO is introduced, but LB and ampacillin is still introduced, The fourth case is the effect on bacteria when no gene for pGLO is introduced, but bacteria is still placed in a LB enriched environment. The hypothesis for the first plate is that bacteria will grow, however it will not glow even though the pGLO gene is introduced because there is no arabinose to effectively activate the gene. The bacteria will still grow although the ampacillin (which normally kills bacteria) is present because the pGLO gene also acts as a resistant to antibiotics.The hypothesis for the second plate is that bacteria will grow and glow because the gene for pGLO is introduced with sugar arabinose to effectively turn it on. The bacteria will also not die although ampacillin is present because, alike to the first plate, the pGLO assists the bacteria in becoming resistant to antibiotics. The hypothesis for the third plate is that no bacteria will grow at all because it is an ampacillin enriched environment with no pGLO gene to help the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic.The hypothesis for the fourth plate is that the bacteria will grow normally because although there is no pGLO gene introduced, there is also no antibiotic to prevent the bacteria from growing. (AP Biology Development Co mmittee, 2012) Data/Results: ? Figure 1. Recorded results from observing the transformed bacteria under light and in darkness After proper incubation time, we took the plates and viewed them with the lights on and then turned the lights off to see if any of the plates had colonies that glowed.As seen in Figure 1, the first plate produced some bacteria (one colony) and did not glow. The second plate produced a decent amount of bacteria (eight colonies) and ended up glowing. The third plate did not produce any bacteria at all leaving it impossible to see if anything glowed or not. The fourth plate produced the most amount of bacteria (ten colonies) and did not glow. Conclusion: All four of our hypotheses were correct after reviewing the results.The first plate, that consisted of bacteria with pGLO in an environment of LB and ampacillin, produced colonies however they did not glow due to the fact that there was nothing to turn on the pGLO gene. There needed to be arabinose in the envir onment for the gene to be expressed and since there was not there was no glow. The second plate, that consisted of bacteria with pGLO in an environment of LB, ampacillin, and arabinose, produced a fair amount of colonies that did end up glowing. The bacteria glowed because the pGLO was successfully inserted and transformed and had the arabinose to express the gene.The third plate, that consisted of bacteria without pGLO in an environment of LB and ampacillin, did not produce any bacteria. This outcome was due to the fact that ampacillin kills bacteria and there was no pGLO gene to help the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic. The fourth plate, that consisted of bacteria without pGLO in an environment of just LB, produced the most amount of bacteria because although it did not have the pGLO gene to prevent antibiotics from killing the bacteria, there were no antibiotics to have to account for.It makes sense that the fourth plate produced the most bacteria because although in both plates one and two there was pGLO to prevent the ampacillin from killing the bacteria, not all of the bacteria were likely to go through transformation correctly and therefore not all of the bacteria had the pGLO ultimately resulting in the termination of a lot of potential bacteria colonies. (AP Biology Development Committee, 2012) The Effect of Transformation of pGLO in Bacteria Genetic transformation is a process that primarily is inserting new DNA into an organism to change that organism’s trait. This process has many useful benefits when used correctly in different organisms. In this lab, bacteria was transformed by inserting DNA for Green Fluorescent Proteins. The DNA for these proteins were taken from bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea victoria. One of the main lessons of the lab is learning of the use of ‘plasmids’. Plasmids are small pieces of DNA that usually code for one trait and are easily transferable between bacteria.This transfer of plasmids between bacteria is actually extremely helpful for them and are key in their survival. The plasmid that codes for the Green Fluorescent Proteins is accompanied with a gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin. To ‘switch on’ the gene for fluorescence caused by the proteins, sugar arabinose must be added to the bacteria’s environment. If there is no sugar arabino se introduced to the plates, then the bacteria will appear white and will not glow, even if the gene for the proteins is successfully inserted.If the gene was successfully inserted and there is sugar arabinose present then the bacteria will glow a fluorescent green. The objectives for this lab is was to see the effects on bacteria in four different cases. The first case is the effect on bacteria when the gene for pGLO is introduced with LB (a ‘broth’ like substance that bacteria feed off of) and ampacillin. The second case is the effect on bacteria when the gene for pGLO is introduced with LB, ampacillin, and sugar arabinose.The third case is the effect on bacteria when no gene for pGLO is introduced, but LB and ampacillin is still introduced, The fourth case is the effect on bacteria when no gene for pGLO is introduced, but bacteria is still placed in a LB enriched environment. The hypothesis for the first plate is that bacteria will grow, however it will not glow even though the pGLO gene is introduced because there is no arabinose to effectively activate the gene. The bacteria will still grow although the ampacillin (which normally kills bacteria) is present because the pGLO gene also acts as a resistant to antibiotics.The hypothesis for the second plate is that bacteria will grow and glow because the gene for pGLO is introduced with sugar arabinose to effectively turn it on. The bacteria will also not die although ampacillin is present because, alike to the first plate, the pGLO assists the bacteria in becoming resistant to antibiotics. The hypothesis for the third plate is that no bacteria will grow at all because it is an ampacillin enriched environment with no pGLO gene to help the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic.The hypothesis for the fourth plate is that the bacteria will grow normally because although there is no pGLO gene introduced, there is also no antibiotic to prevent the bacteria from growing. (AP Biology Development Co mmittee, 2012) Data/Results: ? Figure 1. Recorded results from observing the transformed bacteria under light and in darkness After proper incubation time, we took the plates and viewed them with the lights on and then turned the lights off to see if any of the plates had colonies that glowed.As seen in Figure 1, the first plate produced some bacteria (one colony) and did not glow. The second plate produced a decent amount of bacteria (eight colonies) and ended up glowing. The third plate did not produce any bacteria at all leaving it impossible to see if anything glowed or not. The fourth plate produced the most amount of bacteria (ten colonies) and did not glow. Conclusion: All four of our hypotheses were correct after reviewing the results.The first plate, that consisted of bacteria with pGLO in an environment of LB and ampacillin, produced colonies however they did not glow due to the fact that there was nothing to turn on the pGLO gene. There needed to be arabinose in the envir onment for the gene to be expressed and since there was not there was no glow. The second plate, that consisted of bacteria with pGLO in an environment of LB, ampacillin, and arabinose, produced a fair amount of colonies that did end up glowing. The bacteria glowed because the pGLO was successfully inserted and transformed and had the arabinose to express the gene.The third plate, that consisted of bacteria without pGLO in an environment of LB and ampacillin, did not produce any bacteria. This outcome was due to the fact that ampacillin kills bacteria and there was no pGLO gene to help the bacteria become resistant to the antibiotic. The fourth plate, that consisted of bacteria without pGLO in an environment of just LB, produced the most amount of bacteria because although it did not have the pGLO gene to prevent antibiotics from killing the bacteria, there were no antibiotics to have to account for.It makes sense that the fourth plate produced the most bacteria because although in both plates one and two there was pGLO to prevent the ampacillin from killing the bacteria, not all of the bacteria were likely to go through transformation correctly and therefore not all of the bacteria had the pGLO ultimately resulting in the termination of a lot of potential bacteria colonies. (AP Biology Development Committee, 2012)

The eNotes Blog Uncovering the Real Richard III Why ItMatters

Uncovering the Real Richard III Why ItMatters Fellow Shakespeare nerds! Now is the winter of our discontent, made glorious summer by this finding of one twisted old skeleton at the bottom of a car park. Thats right, the long lost body of the last Plantagenet king, Richard III, is now found! For a while now, archaeologists determined to uncover Richard IIIs body, long since presumed to be lost to history or dissolved at the base of a river bed, have suspected a Leicester car park to house his remains. Unglamorous as it is for a royal burial site, the lot was built over the site of the old Grey Friars monastery in which some records report Richard was interred. Last September, all the drilling and digging away of 500 years worth of debris paid off, as the research team pulled from the earth the twisted skeleton of a man killed in combat. Despite the seemingly obvious evidence before themthat the 15th c. skeleton of a man with a deformed spine was found exactly where King Richards body was said to be buriedthe researchers held the bodys identity in question until only yesterday. On Monday, February 4th, a day that will forever go down in Corpsegate history, a press conference on the scale of a hot young pop stars perfume launch descended on the University of Leicester, and the Guardian was there to deliver it to the greedy public in real time. Because who doesnt want to receive minute by minute updates on a 500 year old, unidentified corpse? Nobody. Well, maybe Cambridge academic Mary Beard didnt: But whatevs. Finding Richards body can totally lay to rest the pesky rumors that have haunted his reputation since his fateful death at Bosworth Field in 1485. Richard III was embroiled in a bloody British civil war during the 1400s. This period was named the Wars of the Roses for the emblems of the two feuding royal familiesa white rose for the house of York (Richards), and a red rose for the house of Lancaster. York eventually lost the crown, and Richard of Gloucesters death in the Battle at Bosworth Field signified the end of a thirty year war. His defeat came at the hands of Henry Tudor, who was subsequently crowned Henry VIIfather of Henry VIII and grandfather of Elizabeth I. Enter the Renaissance and the Elizabethan golden age. Eager to impress his Tudor queen, Shakespeare wrote histories that painted the house of Lancaster in a favorable light. But no monarch presented quite as much opportunity for propagandizing as Richard of Gloucester; labeled for centuries as deformed, Richards image only worsened when Shakespeare penned him as the evil, scheming hunchback, the killer of two young princes, an incestuous savage. In actuality, Richards lopsided figure has been speculated before as resulting from his skills at archerythe thought being that one side became overdeveloped, causing a curvature of the spine. No word on the pathology of the skeletons  misshapen  back has been released, however, except to say that it was not caused by scoliosis. Still, the conflicting accounts reveal the murkiness surrounding Richard IIIs legacy. Because in fact, Gloucester made some rather liberal reforms in his time, the most prominent of which stand to this day: In December 1483, Richard instituted what later became known as the Court of Requests, a court to which poor people who could not afford legal representation could apply for their grievances to be heard. He also introduced bail in January 1484, to protect suspected felons from imprisonment before trial and to protect their property from seizure during that time. He founded the College of Arms in 1484, he banned restrictions on the printing and sale of books, and he ordered the translation of the written Laws and Statutes from the traditional French into English. And although most people already know that Shakespeares play was more fiction than history, the unfair image of an old, withered, and bitter king has been a hard one for poor Richard to shake. Now the recovery of his old, withered skeletal remains might not be much help with altering that, but if anything it puts a face, nay, skull to a tired myth. The skull that proves Richard was mercilessly treated by both his captors and history, as he was laid to rest beneath a whole lot of ugly European hatchbacks forever. For all the juicy updates from the University of Leicester press conference, check out that Guardian article here. And if youre suddenly starting to miss that heinously evil version of ol Dick, well weve got some dastardly  Richard III quotes to devour here.

Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essays

Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essays Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essay Influence of marginal and absorption costing mething and their similarities Essay Influence OF MARGINAL A ; ABSORPTION COSTING Fringy cost is fundamentally a portion of variable cost, which includes the direct labor, Direct Material and Direct Expenses. Fringy cost should be defined as the accounting system where variable system should be charged to the cost of units and the fixed cost for the period of clip which is to the full aggregative part. Its particular value is in determination devising. Fringy cost = Variable cost + Variable Overhead The fringy cost is straight with the volume of production and fringy cost per unit is the same, which consist premier cost that is cost of direct labor, stuff and other variable operating expense. It will be incorporate the fixed cost. The fringy cost is the cost which has been incurred to bring forth an excess unit of production is called fringy cost. Example If an organisation has produce 1000 unit at cost of ? 20,000 Where as if the addition in 1 unit i.e. 1001 unit and cost would be ? 20200 Then MARGINAL COST would be ? 200. ADVANTAGES OF MARGINAL COST Fringy cost is fundamentally have an advantages of the cost control by and large facilitated to avoiding the fixed operating expense cost and concentrated on to the keeping the consistent of fringy cost utile to assorted degrees of direction. It is fundamentally help to understand to the variable cost and fixed costs. It besides shows the relationship between the cost, monetary value and their volumes. The fringy cost would be aid to the short term net income planning by the interruption even charts and net income graph, and aid to the direction determination. With the fringy cost company can acquire maximal return to the concern. The effects of the production and gross revenues policies are more clearly seen and understand with the fringy cost. Disadvantage There are certain disadvantages would be associated with the marginal costs which are as under. It is really hard to segregate to understand the all the cost which are fundamentally misdirecting the consequence. It should be ignored the fixed cost, which show different image at the clip. The job is that the over or under the overhead cost is apportioned on estimated footing and non on the existent. The clip factor is besides play an critical function where public presentation between two period will bring forth deceptive consequences. ABSORPTION Costing Absorption cost means the cost which includes all the fabrication costs which are absorbed by the unit of green goods. On the other manus, the cost of a finished unit in stock list will include direct stuff, labor and all the variable cost and fixed fabrication operating expense. Absorption costing is contrasted with variable costing or direct costing with the other fabrication operating expense. ADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION COSTING In soaking up costing will traveling to include all the cost which are related to the concern activities like fixed cost, variable cost and production cost. This cost is besides used for the readying of the fiscal histories when the production of the company should be remains changeless but sale would be fluctuate. DISADVANTAGES OF ABSORPTION COSTING The disadvantages of the soaking up bing would be emphasised on the entire cost i.e. variable and fixed cost. It is non utile the direction for the devising determination about the planning and controlling. An illustration show that difference between fringy cost and soaking up cost. XYZ Ltd. is being started their operation in 2008. There is certain information available for May 2008 to July 2008 about the company s production. To cipher fringy and soaking up cost. Particulars ? Selling monetary values per Unit of measurements 100 Direct Labour Per Units 20 Direct Material per Unit 10 Fixed Factory Overhead Per Months 30000 Variable Factory Overhead per Unit of measurements 5 Fixed Selling Operating expenses 1000 Variable selling Overhead per Unit of measurements 4 Budgeted activities which was expected that 2000 units to be each month green goods and sold for each month were as follows MAY June July Unit of measurement SOLD 1000 800 1300 Unit of measurement PRODUCE 1000 1300 1000 MARGINAL COST Particular MAY June July Gross saless 100000 80000 1100000 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Cost of Goods sold ( ? 35 ) 35000 28000 385500 PRODUCT CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 65000 52000 71500 Lupus erythematosuss: Variable Selling Operating expense 4000 3200 4400 Entire CONTRIBUTION MARGIN 61000 48800 67100 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed mill Overhead 30000 30000 30000 Fixed Selling Operating expenses 1000 1000 1000 Net Net income 30000 32800 30100 Absorption Cost Particular MAY June July Gross saless 100000 80000 1100000 LESS: Cost of Goods sold ( ?65 ) 65000 52000 71500 A A 28000 38500 Attention deficit disorder: Absorption of mill operating expense 9000 -3000 GROSS Net income 35000 37000 35500 Lupus erythematosuss: Fixed Selling Operating expense 1000 1000 1000 Variable Selling Operating expense 4000 3200 4400 Net Net income 30000 32800 30100 MARGINAL COST Vs ABSORPTION COST After utilizing the two techniques we had seen that the net net income would non be same at every clip because of following ground. Over and Under Absorption overhead cost In soaking up costing, fixed operating expense can neer absorbed precisely because of trouble in calculating cost and volume of end product. If these balance of under or over captive because of costing net income and loss history, the existent sum incurred is non shown in it, whereas fringy costing is really fixed overhead incurred in entirely charged against part which will be some difference in net net incomes. Difference in Stock Valuation In fringy costing work in advancement and finished stock are valued at fringy cost but in soaking up cost it is calculated as production cost, and that is the ground net income will be different Many of clip soaking up cost and fringy cost consequence would be find as Absorption costing net income = Marginal costing net income Absorption costing net income gt ; Marginal costing net income Absorption costing net income lt ; Marginal costing net income

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words - 1

Leadership - Essay Example It is importÐ °nt thÐ °t competing demÐ °nds Ð °nd Ð °pproÐ °ches not pÐ °rÐ °lyze mÐ °nÐ °gers but insteÐ °d provide cumulÐ °tive Ð °nd integrÐ °tive improvements to leÐ °dership effectiveness. In view of Ð °bove, current pÐ °per provides impiricÐ °l Ð °pproÐ °ch towÐ °rd the concpet of leÐ °dership. BÐ °sing on the book of ChÐ °rles MÐ °nz Ð °nd Henry Sims, The New SuperLeÐ °dership, where the principÐ °l of self-leÐ °dership is peoneered, present discussion covers theorieticÐ °l review Ð °nd prÐ °cticÐ °l implicÐ °tion of types of leÐ °dership. It is the Ð °im of this pÐ °per to present new content Ð °nd exÐ °mples designed to help leÐ °ders develop the kind of Ð °utonomous, quick-reÐ °cting workforce necessÐ °ry to thrive in these turbulent times. I first introduce the theory of leÐ °dership styles. Through the discussion of two types of leÐ °drship, I grÐ °duÐ °lly comme to the discussion of effective leÐ °dership techniques Ð °nd end up with personÐ °l model of leÐ °dership. Using the exÐ °mples of two leÐ °ders this pÐ °per is Ð ° greÐ °t reflection of efficient Ð °nd inefficient Ð °pproÐ °ch to leÐ °dership. DrÐ °wing on contemporÐ °ry exÐ °mples Ð °nd profiles, mÐ °ny from the high-tech Ð °nd informÐ °tion sectors, MÐ °nz Ð °nd Sims shÐ °tter the myth of the trÐ °ditionÐ °l, Ð °ggrÐ °ndized versions of "heroic" leÐ °dership. They show thÐ °t Ð ° leÐ °der truly becomes successful by turning followers into extrÐ °ordinÐ °ry self-leÐ °ders-pillÐ °rs of strength thÐ °t will support the orgÐ °nizÐ °tion Ð °t every level. They detÐ °il Ð ° series of Ð °ction-oriented steps through which the SuperLeÐ °der provides Ð °n opportunity for followers to express Ð °nd develop their own leÐ °dership skills-Ð °nd in the process become highly motivÐ °ted, dynÐ °mic contributors. Coercion, Ð °s Ð ° meÐ °ns of influencing the behÐ °vior of others, depends upon the expectÐ °tion of specified positive or negÐ °tive consequences. Coercive power requires thÐ °t the

Management in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management in context - Essay Example The simulation game required framing the marketing, financial as well as human resource strategies for the organization or the new venture. The simulation game involved actual applicability of the business strategies that also involved financial implication for each of the decisions. The simulation game also involved running promotional activities including cost and benefit analysis. The game also showed financial results for each of the strategies that also included profit and loss figures indicating the implications of the strategies on the financial health of the company. The business selected was that of a billboard advertising agency. Part A Overview of Decisions & Outcomes of the Business Simulation The initial decisions in the simulation game involved a market research which formed the basis for forecasting demand and sales targets. The next stage involved initial book keeping activities as well as adoption of the marketing mix that included design of the product and other spe cifications. This phase also created the strategy with regards to the suppliers. Considering the initial phase and the overall costs of the activities the company suffered a net loss of 696 pounds in Feb 2011. In the nest month marketing and sales activities which included the design of a web page. These activities also led to a loss of 3097 pounds. Realising the importance of the market conditions the next step involved a detailed market analysis as well as training and development activities. Losses amounted to 1793 pounds in this month. The next stage was crucial as it involved setting up a limited liability firm to ensure further expansion. Nine out of the total orders were contracted as manpower seemed to be less as compared to the total task. The next significant step involved an overdraft facility as well as increasing the price of the product. This led to a net profit of 2502 pounds which represented an increased from 2106 pounds profit of the previous month. The nest stage involves increasing discounts on products, salary hike, price hike which resulted in an overall cumulative profit of 12569 pounds. The nest quarter focussed on business enhancement which mainly included participation in exhibitions, and increased focus on marketing especially the online channels. These activities again led to a loss of 3581 pounds which resulted in salary cuts and database management. The next significant phase included an overhaul of the distribution strategy as well as giving advertisements on television. The firm also entered into a strategic tie up with RAD. This coupled with contracting of orders and increasing the upscale selling activities led to a jump in the overall cumulative profit margins to 51799 pounds. The company’s strategies of dealing with the suppliers as well as promotional activities helped in generating good orders for the firm. This was significant as it was largely realised that long term sustainability required generation of large sca le profits for the organization. Part B Summary of Personal Capabilities to be successful in SimVenture SimVenture is a popular online business simulation game that helps an individual to test his/her entrepreneurial and decision making skills in real life situations. The game basically creates a situation in

Managing diversity gender (HRM) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Managing diversity gender (HRM) - Essay Example Instead, it should be understood for the company's growth and development in terms of management and productivity. It is a common knowledge that every human being is born unique from one another. But sometimes, there are common attitude that people share. Most men projects authority over the other gender is an example. There are certain business organizations, such as technical and industrial companies, that men are the usual individual to have an executive position or even the job itself . This group believes that it is odd to have women working in these fields. Because of this, said industries are having difficulties in keeping and hiring female workers (Weiss n.d.). In his article, Managing Gender Diversity: Five Secrets for a Manager's Toolkit, Weiss cited a research study by Louann Brizendine on how men and women faces the environment they are working on. According to Brizendine, men and women react accordingly based on how their brain processes information, what their intuition is saying, how they feel, their intention in communicating and anger management. Women's brain works, first, by identifying the faces of the people around them while men are more on scanning their environment. This is the reason why women are more capable of sensing other people's emotion than men. Most women also trust in their gut feeling than men.

Comment closely on the following poem Essay Example for Free

Comment closely on the following poem Essay The Self-Unseeing portrays Hardy reminiscing over his childhood life with his parents. In the first stanza, the setting their old house is described in a way that conveys a sense of age and weariness, through such words and phrases as ‘ancient’ (emphasizing the age), ‘footworn and hollowed and thin’ (alluding to the emptiness which has overtaken it through the passage of time after it has been abandoned), ‘former’ (revealing the extent of change in the house, eg. by the door no longer being there), and ‘dead feet’ (those of his parents). At this point in the poem Hardy speaks in the present tense from the outside of the house, in order to convey its emptiness to the reader. The second stanza ignores these aspects of the house, instead focusing on his memories of his parents, which contrast with the first stanza by filling the house with life and action. A happier mood is created here, through a sense of warmth created by the fire, and his mother’s smile, which, along with his father’s playing the violin (‘bowing it higher and higher’), shows the happiness he felt while living with his parents. The musical effect of the violin is also complemented by that of the smooth-flowing ‘abab‘ rhyme scheme. The present tense verbs ‘smiling’ and ‘bowing’ imply that these memories were vivid, as if by introducing the setting to the reader he is reliving them. Hardy’s reference to his parents using the pronouns ‘she’ and ‘he’ rather than their actual names transforms the personal tragedy of the death of his parents to a universal one to which the reader can more easily relate. However, this tragedy is buried beneath the warm, welcoming mood established by the aforementioned use of language in this stanza. Hardy illuminates these memories in the final stanza with light imagery ‘blessings’ (which tend to be associated with heaven and therefore light), ‘day’, ‘glowed’, ‘gleam’, which underscore the joyful feelings previously evoked. This use of light imagery serves as a metaphor to reveal how Hardy, ‘childlike’, ‘danced in a dream’, and overall, the diction shows that his memories had a dazzling and pensive quality. However, it can be seen from the concluding line, ‘Yet we were looking away! ’, that he feels remorseful for not fully appreciating what he had at the time. It is this line which gives meaning to the poem’s title he (the ‘self’) was ‘unseeing’ and could not see the true value of his life with his parents. This makes the light imagery all the more powerful, as Hardy uses it to show that he is now able to see what he was unable to in his childhood. His newfound appreciation for his memories is also evident in the first stanza, where ‘here is’ and ‘here was’ sorrowfully reveal the setting of which he is about to reminisce. Overall, Hardy’s memories are presented in this poem with both regret and happiness. The phrase ‘hollowed and thin’ in the first stanza, in light of this regret, describes the likely state of his soul following the loss of his parents. The regret is subtle at first, but becomes much more apparent after reading the last line; it is as if Hardy uses this line to allow the reader to look back (as he had looked back on his past) and be filled with regret through this reflection. The past-tense verbs ‘walked’, ‘sat’, and ‘stood’, which are simply describing what once was, become tinged with regret (as if mourning) upon a second glance. In contrast, the passive verbs ‘danced’, ‘emblazoned’, and ‘glowed’ preserve their cheerful connotations, which suggest that to Hardy, reminiscence is a bittersweet experience. This idea is supported by the structure of the poem: three quatrains with ‘abab’ rhyme schemes; although the rhyme scheme establishes a sense of reminiscence, there are emotions both positive and negative associated with it. The simple pattern of it also mirrors the simplicity and naivety of childhood. The structure, rhythm, and diction of the poem thus convey a powerful message that pleasant experiences will eventually become memories, carrying both the happiness of their past occurrence and the regret and sadness of knowing that their time is past.

Honour Killings: Causes and Strategies for Intervention

Honour Killings: Causes and Strategies for Intervention What is honour killing? Every year, hundreds of women are killed in the name of honour by their family members because they have brought shame to the family and the community. Honour killing is defined murdering a member of the family in the name of honour, it is usually the female who is murdered for bringing shame to the family. In rare cases, men are also murdered if they bring dishonour to their family or community. It is believed that honour killing is a private family affair and it should remain between the four walls of the house, no accurate statistics are available on this social evil. It should be noted that honour killing is a gender-neutral concept but overwhelming majority victims are women. The only fundamental difference is that the male accussed of dishonouring might be given a chance to explain his situation before the trible leaders and can escape the death penalty by giving compensation to the family who has been ‘dishonoured’. Women are rarely given oppurtunaties to explain their side of the story and the only possible way to restore the honour is by killing the women who has brought shame to the family. Where does it take place? Pakistan consists of four provinces known as Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab and North West Frontier Province(NWFP). The menance known as honour killing frequently all four provinces of Pakistan. In Sindh, the practise of honour killing is known as â€Å"Karo Kari†, meaning ‘black female’ and ‘black male’. In Balochistan it is known Siahkal. The majority of the honour killings take place in rural areas, however, there have been some reported incidents of honour killings in urban cities of Pakistan such as Karachi and Lahore. How can one be dishonoured? Honour killings for a choosing a marriage partner According to the article 16 of Universal Declaration of human rights, both men and women of full age, irrespective race, religion and nationality can enter into marriage with any partner of their choice. It is our fundamental to marry a partner of our choice, however in Pakistan, women are not encouraged to have this right because women are seen as personal property of a man, therefore women should exercise their right. Women are seen as commodity owned and controlled by their fathers, husbands and brothers. Women are not suppose to express any desires and feelings contrary to the wishes of their fathers, husbands, and brothers. Traiditionally women are not allowed to choose their partners for marriage. The head of the family, usually the father, chooses the groom. the bride does not have any say in the process and any defiance against the process is considered a taboo. Women who have been succesful in marrying partners of their choice are often threatened by their father that charges of zina(unlawful sexual relations) would be brought against them. Under the islamic law of marriage, the wali(the closest male adult relative) has the responsibilty and authority with respect to marriage, the wali is usually the father and if it can be proved that the father did not give consent to the marriage then it will be considered invalid, if marriage is invalid then any sexual relations which took place between the man and the women would amount to zina. Most of the time, family members take matters into their own hands instead of going to court. A women who married a man of her choice was murdered outside Peshawar court by her brother in the name of honour. Women seeking divorce The article 16 of Universal declaration of human rights states that men and woman should have equal rights regarding dissolution of marriage. Under Islamic marriage law, a man is allowed to divorce his wife anytime, the divorce can be given verbally but a women cannot divorce her husband, she can apply for Khula(Separation) in the court of law. Divorce is seen as a very serious problem in the muslim world and muslim women are enouraged to avoid divorce at any cost, even if it means by putting up with a severely abusive husband. In 1999, Saima Sarwar was shot dead in a lawyers office because she attempted to obtain divorce from her husband severely abusive husband. The killing was instructed by her uncle but he was soon released Qisas and Diyat laws which states that the person(s) involved in killing will go free if he is pardoned by the Wali of the victim.Her uncle went unpunised as he was pardoned by her husbad and father in the capacity of Wali. It should be noted that Saima Sarwar belonged to a upper-class prominent family, her father is a entrepenuer and the mother is a doctor, this case shows the social evil in question is a cause of concern for both rural and urban population. The local newspapers in the region overwhemingly supported the killing, arguing that it was accordance to the tradition and therefore it cannot be a crime. Honour killings for rape A woman brings shame to the family if she becomes a victim of rape. In 1999, a 16 year old mentally-retarded girl was raped on many occasions by junior clerk of the local government department of agriculture in hotel in Parachinar, NWFP. The uncle of the girl lodged a complain, the accussed was taken into protective custody and the girl was handed to her tribe. The Jirga(tribal court) decided that she has brought shame to her tribe and the honour can only be restored by killing her. She was shot dead in front of tribal gathering. Get rich quick scheme? Ratio of honor killings is higher in those provinces where agriculture lands are abundant. Land is the main reason behind a majority of honor killing incidents in Sindh and Punjab. In overwhelming majority of cases, there is always a ulterior motive such as lust for money, land, lust for another women or to conceal other crimes. Many individuals exploit the concept of honour killing for gaining compensation or land. If both accused of karo kari are murdered then the matter usually ends but if only kari is killed and karo escapes, the karo has to compensate the affected man by giving him money, land or another women. Nafisa Shah, a leading human rights activist describes honour killing as industry which has range of stakeholders including tribes people, police administration and tribal mediators, honour killing is used as an excuse to hide sins and gain money. Police accept bribes of about 7000 rupees(equivalent to  £70) for not investigating claims of honour killing. The International Law International human rights law recognises â€Å"honour crimes† as a form violence against women, therefore it is a direct violation women’s right to life and security; freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment; and the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the law. Honor crimes also violate rights guaranteed to women by the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), such as the right to freely choose one’s spouse and the right to equality in marriage. CEDAW’s General Recommendation Number 19 defines gender-based violence as a form of discrimination against women and makes explicit reference to honor crimes. CEDAW obligates States to protect women from gender-based violence, including violence committed by family members and to prevent, investigate, and punish acts of violence against women. The Convention also requires States to disqualify honor as a legal defense for acts of violence against women. The UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women echoes these obligations and states that, States should condemn violence against women and should not invoke any custom, tradition or religious consideration to avoid their obligations with respect to its elimination (Article 4). International human rights law is enforced through the state and by way of treaties. A state becoming the party to a international treaty will be bound by th treaty and it is the state’s responsibility and duty to protect the rights of the citizens. Pakistan is a party to a â€Å"Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women†, the treaty has been ratified and as a result of that, the Pakistani government ammended the Criminal Act 2004 which makes â€Å"Honour killing† a punishable offence. Apart from making the ammendment to Criminal Act 2004, Pakistan has taken several other intitaves to curb honour killings and domestic violence against women: Establishment of Gender Crime Cell Gender Crime Cell was established in National Bureau on 1st April 2006 to curb violence against women. The function of the Cell is to gather, collate and analyse data on cases of violence against women. The cell will act as central repository of relevant data on cases of violence against women and it will assist top-policy makers in developing holistic and effective policy countermeasures to control the social evil volence against women. Gender and Human Rights Sensitization To sensitize the police and to further improve law enforcement response to human rights situations, a comprehensive program has been included in the cirruculum of police training schools, police training colleges and national police academy. Cooperation/Collaboration with NGOs/ Civil society National Police Bureau has welcomed visits from NGOs who monitored severall police stations across the country, the main aim was to look into the business procedures, handling of public complaints against police, infra-structure, and facilities in lock-up of the stations. According to the Government of Pakistan, all these measures will help directly or indirectly contribute against curbing crimes against women. After reading the responses submitted to UN by the Government of Pakistan regarding the issues relating to violence against women, one would get the impression that Pakistan is trying to tackle the problem, some measures have been to curb the problem mentioned but the measures taken are not adequate enough to protect women, controversial laws such as Qisas still exist which are often exploited by murderers. Qisas Law Qisas law is relates to offences involving bodily injury or loss of life. The aim of the Qisas law is to put the victim’s family in control, ir is up to the family members of the victim to decide whether to bring an action against the murderer or pardon the murderer. Under the law, murdering a family member virtually carries no punishment as the other family members have the right to pardon the killer. In June 2002, Zakir killed 18- year Sabiha on suspicion that she had become pregnant, Zakir was pardoned by uncle of Sabiha, therefore his crime went unpunished. In a situation like such as this, courts and law enforcement agencies cannot take further action if the pardon is granted by the family member of the victim. n 90 percent cases of honor killings, the culprits are close relatives and therefore they are easily forgiven by the family of the deceased, in order successfully tackle this social evil, Qisas and Diyat Ordinance should not be in practise at all as it allows murderers to walk away free. It is evident that more needs to be done to tacke the menance known as honour killing, but the question what can the further steps can UN take to ensure that Pakistani Government makes further ammendments to the law to ensure that no murderers goes unpunished? The role of United Nations The human rights machinery in the UN systems works in three areas: information, analyis and policy development; provision of support to human rights bodies and organs; and promotion and protection of human rights. In order for this machinery to be successful, the UN has developed human rights institutions at the country level. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights(OHCHR) assigns human rights advisers to country teams and their aim is to advance human rights through legislative, judicial and other enforcement mechanisms. The UN has created commitees to oversee implementation of implementation human rights but the commitees have a limited power to investigate or monitor violations of human rights. The UN machinery is merely way of recording information. If a state fails to comply with demands of UN then procedures usually range from coaxing to naming and shaming, it is very rare that sanctions are imposed for human rights violations because of the undesirable consequences. UN is also having monetary problem, many of the major member states have refused to pay their assesed share of costs, the guaranteed budget of OHCHR has fallen less than half. United nations is not effective in curbing human rights violations, it has no other to make sure that the human rights are not violated, they do not have effective mechanisms to make sure that human rights are enforced and they do not have the necessary resources. Simply by signing and ratifying a treaty does not ensure that the State will carry their duties and protect human rights. The only serious measure which the UN can take is impose sanctions. It is possible to impose sanctions solely on the basis of human rights, imposing sanctions for breaches of human rights is rare. Should the UN impose sanctions to pressurize the Government? UN can impose sanctions such as diplomatic isolation , restrictions on international travel, trade and financial transactions. Sanctions is regarded a tool created to ensure that States comply with demands of UN. Imposing may seem as attractive option but it can discredited on the basis of its harsh consequences on the citizens of the state. Sanctions have a bad history as they inflict undeniable pain on the citizens which the UN is trying to protect. If UN was to impose trade and financial sanctions to pressurise Pakistan to do more to curb honour killlings, then it is highly unlikely the sanction will work because Pakistan already a poor country, 17% of the population lives under $1 a day. Pakistan economy nearly went bankrupt as a result of sanctions imposed by UN for carrying out nuclear tests. Economic sanctions means that the Pakistan economy will suffer and therefore the people of Pakistan will suffer, the overall level of poverty will increase and it is likely that honour killings will increase as well because honour killings are often carried to gain compensation or land. Sanctions will have a counter-productive effect on Pakistan, therefore it should be avoided. The role of NGOs Traditionally NGOs are considered to be more effective than United Nations, in the sense that they are better at monitoring than UN. NGOs tend to focus on one issue at a time compared to UN which focuses and many issues at a time, thus there is overload of work within the UN, therefore the procedure of monitoring is not effective. NGOs do not have any authority, it can pressurise Government by way of protest, NGOs can run aware campaigns and provide support and counciling services to the victims. NGOs cannot directlty enforce human rights, for human rights to be enforced, NGOs rely on courts, there are still loopholes in the law which favour the murderer, unless the loopholes are closed, the NGOs will not be effective. Majority of ‘honour killings’ take place in remote areas such as NWFP due to poor infrastructure, as a result of poor infrastructure, it can be very difficult for NGOs to monitor remote areas of Pakistan. According to Khawar Mumtaz, a leading human rights activist said there were many as eight NGOs working in the NWFP and for betterment of women. The organisations were targeted by religious extremists, the houses of workers and directors were destroyed. The NGOs had to close their operations and flee from NWFP because of security concerns. Who else can help? Apart from the United Nations and NGOs, countries such as United Kingdom can help to tackle problems such as ‘honour killings’ in Pakistan by giving them aid, which then can be used to improve the situation of human rights in Pakistan. The United Kingdom donated  £2m in 2006 to set up a gender and justice protection fund, the main aim of the fund is to curb violence against women. Many critics argue that the aid which is given is not always spent on protection of human rights due to high levels of corruption within the the Government. How can we fight this social evil? Legal measures The Government of Pakistan must repeal the Qisas law as it provides a loophole for murderers to exploit, the fight against the menance cannot be won unless Pakistani Government makes further ammendments to law. Adopt a legislation which would criminalise all forms of domestic violence, The UN has developed a framework for a model legislation which can be adopted. Honour killing should be treated as a crime against the state and Preventive measures Run campaigns to inform citizens of their human rights througout the country. Currently Ministry of Law, Justice and Human Rights is running a human rights mass awareness campaign throughout the country. The campaign is approached through print and electronic media, the campaign is delivered in the form of jingles, talk shows, commercials, slogans and promotional material in the Newspapers. In remote areas such as NWFP and interior Sindh, the people don’t usually have access to electronic media or newspapers. The literacy levels are low in pakistan, the literacy rate for women in 16%, this means that media is ineffective in remote areas because there is no televisions and majority of the women cannot read and write. The women who live in remote areas are most vunerable. Honour killing crimes are under-reported, as a result it is not possible to estimate the real magnitude of the problem. Monitoring and collecting information would help the Government to understand the problem better, and therefore it will enable the Government to come up with better strategy. Protective measures Provide adequate protection to human rights activists and lawyers, often leading human rights activits such as Hina Jilani and Asma Jehangir. In one incident, the two daughters of Asma Jehangir were assaulted and illegally held for several hours along with their friends by armed persons because they were making a video clip. The police did eventually arrive but failed to take any action againt the perpertrators, the police asked Asma Jehangir to remain quiet otherwise the girls would be kidnapped, raped and killed. If activists are not adequately protected by law enforcement agencies then they will not be able to fight for protection of human rights. Long term strategies Honour killing is not a recent phenomoen, similar practices have been known since ancient Roman times, when the Pater Familias (senior male within a household) retained the right to kill an unmarried but sexually active daughter or an adulterous wife. In order to fully eradicate this menance, we should look at the true root causes in order to curb this heinous crime against women. The three main factors are: Male domination Financial dependency Lack of education Male domination Both men and women should be represented equally in all public institutions, most importantly there should be proportiante representaion of women in the Government. The National Assemebly of Pakistan(equivalent to Parliament) has a total number 342 seats and 60 seats are reserved for women, only 17.5% of seats are occupied by women, in order to protect rights of women, it is imperative they are represented proportionaly in the Government. At the moment, there are few women in the Government who are holding key Government ministry, Sherry Rehman is the only women who is holding the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting which considered one of the important ministries. Recently Dr Fehmida Mirza was elected as the Speaker of National Assembly, she is the first woman is Pakistan to be elected as the Speaker of Natioanl Assembly. Late Benazir Bhutto was the first female prime minister of a muslim country. To end male domination, women should participate in politics, proportiante representation would mean that it will not possible to pass discriminatory laws in future against women such as Hudood ordinance as women would have a greater say in the law making process. Financial dependency Agriculture is the largest of economy of Pakistan, 79.8% of rural women are engaged in some sort of agricultural work. Majority of rural women have dual responsibilties, they have to look after house and work in agricultural land as well but they are grossly underpaid, in many cases they are not paid at all. Most women living in rural areas of Pakistan are not aware of their rights such as equal pay, the Government should run campaigns to empower women and inform them of their rights. The Government should run courses to give women vocational training, this would improve women’s capacity to earn by increasing women’s access to source of livelihood, in particular cottage industry, livestock production and agriculture. Only 9% of the jobs in the services industry of Pakistan are done by women. The Government should encourgae equal employment oppurtunities, it was only 2001 when an Act was introduced which ensures equal remunaration for men and women for work of equal value. Study carried by a NGO confirmed the widespread occurrence of sexual harrasment of women at the workplace, the Government of Pakistan been able to implement laws which adequately protect women at the workplace. Government should undertake measure to make places more safe so women could work without fear of discrimination and harassment. Lack of education Only 16% of women in Pakistan are literate. Illiteracy rates are very high Pakistan. The education sector in suffering from inadequate financing and infrastructure. The budget allocated to education sector is low, Pakistan is one of the twelve countries who spend 2% of their GDP on eduction sector. Education needs to be improved, more schools are needed in Pakistan so more girls could attend school. How practical is it to enforce rights in Pakistan? Lack of eductation and financial independence are the main factors which stop from going to relevant law authorities for protection of their human rights, low literacy rate and lack of awareness does stop women for seeking protection against violations of human rights. Also approching the judiciary through a lawyer can be a expensive proposition, therefore women do not attempt to take any action. Democracy and human rights It is believed that military regime are the worst offenders of human rights, from November 1999 to Feburary 2008, General Pervez Musharraf, a army general has enjoyed absolute power over Pakistan. In his term many human rights abuses took place such lal masjid killings and he sacked 12 judges out of 17 judges to install his own hand picked judges. General Pervez Musharraf’s human rights record has been poor. Elections took place on 18th Feburary 2008, most specators believe that elections were free and fair and democracy was restored. Recently the new Government ratified a key UN human rights treaty and signed two others, this suggests that the new democratic Government is serious about human rights issues and the position of human rights should be better under the Government of Pakistan People’s Party. For many years, a military general had absolute power over Pakistan, the military regime was rarely criticised by USA or UK because of Pakistan position against war on terror, infact he was praised by George W Bush and Tony Blair for his role despite the fact that he committed various violations of international law during his tenure, UN never imposed any economic sanctions on Pakistan, infact economic sanctions were lifted which were on Pakistan for conducting nuclear tests in 1997 after he promised support to hunt Osama bin Laden. Human rights violations in Pakistan are often ignored by major member states such USA and UK. The major member states did provide immunity to a dictator against human right violations, If USA and UK would have not supported Musharraf and would have taken steps earlier to restore democracy in Pakistan then the human rights situations would have been far improved by now. Jirga system Jirga is defined a tribal assembly consisting of male elders of the tribe. Majority of the cases relating to honour killings are decided in Jirga instead of a formal court. Jirga should be banned because the system is unfit to provide justice to women, male elders are biased towards women, trial by jirga is the prime protector of the tradition of honour killing. The tribal assembly usually consists of uneducated male elders who do not have the knowledge and the skills to judge. They do not have any jurisdiction to impose capital punishments. Sindh is the only province of Pakistan where the panchayat(equivalent to Jirgra system) have been banned, Jirga system still operational in Baluchistan and North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. Jirga system should be be completely banned throughout Pakistan, the only reason why Jirga system is still operational in rural parts of Pakistan because it seen as a cheaper alternative. Any hope? Pakistan is grappling with many crisis at the moment, the burning of judiciary is still unsolved. There is shortage flour and food prices are rising dramatically. There is severe shortage of basic neccesaties such as electricity and clean water in Pakistan. Recently, one of the most popular leader of Pakistan was shot dead. The new Pakistani Government is facing many problems and as result of that, they are not able to fully concentrate human rights issues, honour killings have rarely received any attention from the media or the new Government. We can only hope that the new Government takes positive steps to curb this social evil, so far there has been no progress made by the new Government to address this problem. Pakistan as a suffering from increasing unemployment, increasing inflation and growing anger and frustrations with the system, lack of opportunities, all these factors can lead to violence against women, all tend to build aggravation in men. At the end of the day, it’s the women who are at the receiving end of the vented frustration, thus violence against women occurs as a direct result.